Genetic and phenotypical diversity of Pseudomonas syringae population in the Russian Federation.

Proteobacteria comprising species of Pseudomonas syringae group cause diseases of many plants around the world. The phytopathogen has a complex taxonomic structure, which is constantly being revised due to the emergence of new molecular and biochemical diagnostic methods. Here for the first time, we describe the genetic and phenotypic diversity of 57 strains of Pseudomonas syringae isolated from affected soybeans, cereals, sunflowers, and other plants in the Russian Federation from 1950 to 2019. Genetic diversity was assessed by Multi Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) using fragments of the genes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh), the DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit D (rpoD), gyrase (topoisomerase) B subunit (gyrB), and citrate synthase I (gltA). The synthesis of syringomycin and coronatine by bacteria was assessed by the reaction of susceptible yeast culture, seedlings of barley, tomato, and sunflower, and by presence of toxin genes confirmed by PCR test. The pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed on seedlings of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants of peas, soybean, sunflowers, barley and wheat, as the most affected crops. The sensitivity of bacteria to 10 antibiotics of the main mechanisms of activity and two bactericidal commercial products was tested by standard disc method. The obtained results showed a high genetic homogeneity of the Russian population of P. syringae, which infects various agricultural crops, and an increase in the proportion of antibiotic-resistant strains over the years.

[The Problems of Socially Dangerous Acts of Medical Workers in Sphere of Biomedical Technologies].

The complex problem is considered related to socially dangerous acts of medical workers in the sphere of biomedical technologies covering, besides "traditional" iatrogenic crimes, other risks of application of the mentioned technologies for criminal purposes. The study uses the results of original observations and theoretical findings and data of information content analysis of 2012-1017, data of analysis of medical and judicial practice and also result of sociological survey of experts-medical workers of various profiles professionally related to application of biomedical technologies (n=278). The social legal status of medical worker conditions a potential possibility of application of corresponding abilities, skills, competences, official position and authority to commit crimes in the sphere of their professional activities. The backlog of legal regulation of the sphere of biomedical technologies causes both possibility for committing by medical workers socially dangerous acts and so-called gray zones of responsibility that significantly impacts on potential of applying the given technologies for criminal purposes. The risks of criminal application of biomedical technologies by medical workers are related first of all to such most criminogenic spheres of medical activity as transplantology (mentioned by 79% of respondents), extra-corporal insemination (67%), implementation of various biomedical examinations involving patient (59%), bio-pharmaceutics (55%). The article emphasizes that risks of criminal application of biomedical technologies by medical workers is to be considered both from position of established actual medical legal practices and taking into account potential of biotechnological development of medicine in the future.

[Use of DIR-PCR for elaboration of molecular markers of intraspecies bacterial groups as exemplified by Bacillus thuringiensis].

A recently developed PCR-fingerprinting method, the so-called DIR (diverged inverted repeats)-PCR, was used for quick search for molecular markers of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies carrying the cry1 genes. The analysis of the fingerprints obtained by this method made it possible to reveal PCR fragments characteristic of the subspecies that produce proteins toxic for insects of the order Lepidoptera. Cloning and sequencing of these fragments allowed systems of SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region) primers to be designed, which are specific to the above group of B. thuringiensis strains. Comparison of the specific fragments with sequences available in the GenBank database revealed their homology with the rpoC gene family and the adjacent spacer region, suggesting chromosomal localization of these markers. This increases the reliability of the designed system of SCAR primers, because plasmids may be lost or transferred by transformation between closely related strains. It was demonstrated that the DIR-PCR method allows markers to be developed that are linked to diagnostic genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of bacteria.

[The use of RAPD and ITE molecular markers to study genetical structure of the Crimean population of Triticum boeoticum Boiss].

Wild wheat Triticum boeoticum Boiss. is the rare species are included in the Red Book of Ukraine. This species are reducing the magnitude of population and the area of distribution under anthropogenic activity. We studied genetic structure of two populations of T. boeoticum, located on Sapun Mountain and in Baidar Valley in Crimea. According RAPD and ITE molecular analysis we have estimated that the population of T. boeoticum on Sapun Mountain is genetically more impoverished than a population from the Baidar Valley. For preservation of maximal natural genetic polymorphism of the rare species it is recommended to direct efforts to preservations of a population of T. boeoticum from the Baidar Valley.

[Infection syndrome in acute radiation sickness patients subjected to Chernobyl accident].

In spite of intensive antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy, most patients with acute radiation sickness I-IV severity grade (dose of 0.1-13.7 Gy) developed infections caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses. Frequency and intensity of those infections were proportional to the radiation dose and severity grade of radiation sickness.

[Assessment of genetic diversity of wild soybean (Glycine soja Siebold et Zucc.) in the far eastern region of Russia]. / Otsenka geneticheskogo raznoobraziia dikorastushchei soi (Glycine soja Siebold et Zucc.) v dal'nevostochnom regione Rossii.

Polymorphism of RAPD markers was analyzed in the wild soybean populations from the Far East region of Russia. The level of RAPD marker polymorphism was significantly higher in the wild than in the cultivated soybean. The results obtained suggest active development of genetically different groups of wild soybean. Geographically isolated subpopulations showed maximum distance from the main population of wild soybean.

[Phylogeny of the Malus (apple tree) species, inferred from its morphological traits and molecular DNA analysis]. / Filogeniia vidov iabloni roda Malus na osnove otsenki morfologicheskikh priznakov i molekuliarnogo analiza DNK.

Some debated issues of the genus Malus (apple) taxonomy were examined using a variety of species from the collection of the Maikop Experimental Station, Vavilon Research Institute of Plant Industry (Krasnodar krai). Phylogenetic relationships among these species were studied using traditional analysis of morphological traits, RAPD, and complete sequencing of the 5'-internal transcribed spacer (ITS1), 5.8S rRNA, 3'-internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) (constituting a cluster of the rRNA genes), and the terminal fragment of the matK gene encoding chloroplast maturase. The results showed that the Sorbomalus section was polyphyletic; the American apple M. fusca was closely related to the species contributing to the East Asian center of the genus origin, and the American species M. angustifolia, M. coronaria, and M. ioensis were closely related to the M. trilobata relict species, whose assignment to the genus Malus is debated by some authors. Molecular analysis of the species relationships showed that the Middle Asian apple M. sieversii is the species from which apple domestication started.

[A virulence gene from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris homologous to the avrBs2 locus is recognized in race-specific reaction by two different resistance genes in Brassica plant species]. / Gen avirulentnosti Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, gomologichnyi lokusu avrBs2, uznaetsia pri rasovo-spetsifichnoi reaktsii dvumia genami ustoichivosti rastenii roda Brassica.

Race-specific interaction between the Brassica plants and Xanthomonas compestris pv. campestris bacteria follows the "gene-for-gene" rule. Expression of the avirulence genes recognized by two dominant resistance genes of Brassica, Rxc1 in plants with the BB genome, and Rxc3 in the CC plants, was lost after bacterial mutation in planta. The mutation was distinguished by the elongation of CGCGC pentanucleotide repeat in the gene, which was designated as avrRxc1/3. This gene displayed strong structural similarity to the avrBs2 locus from the related species X. vesicatoria. Thus, it is the first description of the avrRxc1/3 avirulence gene conferring race-specific interaction between X. campestris pv. campestris and Brassica plants. Structural homologues of the avrBs2 are found in many Xanthomonas species, but in all cases except X. vesicatoria, their function remains unknown.

[RAPD-markers linked to the locus for resistance to the race 4 pathogen for black rot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pamm.) Dow., in Brassica rapa L]. / RAPD-markery, stseplennye s lokusom ustoichivosti k race 4 vozbuditelia sosudistogo bakterioza Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Pamm.) Dow., u Brassica rapa L.

Association between the RAPD markers and the resistance to race 4 of the black rot causative agent was studied in Brassica rapa L. Experiments were carried out using doubled haploid lines, obtained via crosses between the race 4-susceptible fodder turnip and resistant pak-choi, and the F2 progeny of the crosses between the doubled haploid lines with contrasting resistance. The WE(22)980 RAPD marker inherited from the pak-choi and associated with the clubroot susceptibility was also linked to the locus responsible for the resistance to race 4 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. The two other RAPD markers were linked to susceptibility to black rot. Simultaneous association of the same DNA markers with the resistance/susceptibility to two different obligate pathogens favored the hypothesis on cluster organization of the resistance genes in plants. The markers described can be used in plant breeding and in further investigation of the genetic bases of resistance in plants.

[Several parameters of the state of the nervous, immune and endocrine systems in newborn rats exposed to irradiation during the preimplantation period of embryogenesis]. / Nekotorye pokazateli sostoianiia nervnoi, immunnoi i éndokrinnoi sistem u novorozhdennykh krys, podvergshikhsia oblucheniiu v doimplantasionnyi period émbriogeneza.

Protracted prenatal irradiation of animals at the preimplantation stage of embryogenesis is shown to produce disturbances in the development of regulation systems, with their consequences persisting up to sexually mature period of postnatal life. Unknown before, these effects of preimplantation irradiation give the experimental confirmation to the main statement of the previously proposed theoretical concept of the "systemic teratogenesis": the ultimate effect of prenatal irradiation is a distortion of the structure of postnatal neuroimmunoendocrine regulation in the direction of overdevelopment of its endocrine component with the following coadaptive underdevelopment of the nervous and immune components.

[The skin autologous microflora index as a test for predicting acute morbidity in mass medical examinations of workers]. / Pokazatel' automikroflory kozhi, kak test dlia prognoza ostroi zabolevaemosti pri massovykh meditsinskikh osmotrakh rabotaiushchikh.

Basing on assessment of skin microflora in 3186 apparently health able-bodied individuals and on subsequent study of acute morbidity, the authors revealed direct dependence between these parameters: only 3.4% of people with normal level of microflora became ill during 1 month after the examination, the value of those with higher level was 15.5%. Therefore the skin microflora test could serve for prognosis.

[Microbiological and immunological disorders in acute radiation disease patients, victims of the Chernobyl AES accident]. / Mikrobiologicheskie i immunologicheskie narusheniia u bol'nykh ostroi luchevoi bolezn'iu, postradavshikh pri avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

As many as 138 patients with acute radiation sickness, grades O-IV, were examined over time. It has been revealed that disorders in microecology and humoral immunity agreed well with the severity of radiation damage.